#KM KzS L

[vmddirectory]

Spinning Sky Rabbit

KM KzS L, 02/29/2020

Choreography: ATY

Distribution Video

Password Hint Translation: "The date in which the Mecklenburg, a pre-dreadnought Wittelsbach class battleship, was stricken from the navy list. Note: 8 digits in total.

Note: You must contract the creator before using this motion in any fanmade concerts or similar events.

[agox]

Last night I got high and wrote a program to find all of the unused elemental symbols. It turns out there’s 585 of them and it’s much less interesting the next day.

One interesting finding: I couldn’t be bothered to generate all possible one and two letter strings, so I asked ChatGPT to write me code that would do all that for me. It worked surprisingly well!

['a', 'd', 'e', 'g', 'h', 'j', 'l', 'm', 'q', 'r', 't', 'x', 'z', 'aa', 'ab', 'ad', 'ae', 'af', 'ah', 'ai', 'aj', 'ak', 'an', 'ao', 'ap', 'aq', 'av', 'aw', 'ax', 'ay', 'az', 'bb', 'bc', 'bd', 'bf', 'bg', 'bj', 'bl', 'bm', 'bn', 'bo', 'bp', 'bq', 'bs', 'bt', 'bu', 'bv', 'bw', 'bx', 'by', 'bz', 'cb', 'cc', 'cg', 'ch', 'ci', 'cj', 'ck', 'cp', 'cq', 'ct', 'cv', 'cw', 'cx', 'cy', 'cz', 'da', 'dc', 'dd', 'de', 'df', 'dg', 'dh', 'di', 'dj', 'dk', 'dl', 'dm', 'dn', 'do', 'dp', 'dq', 'dr', 'dt', 'du', 'dv', 'dw', 'dx', 'dz', 'ea', 'eb', 'ec', 'ed', 'ee', 'ef', 'eg', 'eh', 'ei', 'ej', 'ek', 'el', 'em', 'en', 'eo', 'ep', 'eq', 'et', 'ev', 'ew', 'ex', 'ey', 'ez', 'fa', 'fb', 'fc', 'fd', 'ff', 'fg', 'fh', 'fi', 'fj', 'fk', 'fn', 'fo', 'fp', 'fq', 'fs', 'ft', 'fu', 'fv', 'fw', 'fx', 'fy', 'fz', 'gb', 'gc', 'gf', 'gg', 'gh', 'gi', 'gj', 'gk', 'gl', 'gm', 'gn', 'go', 'gp', 'gq', 'gr', 'gs', 'gt', 'gu', 'gv', 'gw', 'gx', 'gy', 'gz', 'ha', 'hb', 'hc', 'hd', 'hh', 'hi', 'hj', 'hk', 'hl', 'hm', 'hn', 'hp', 'hq', 'hr', 'ht', 'hu', 'hv', 'hw', 'hx', 'hy', 'hz', 'ia', 'ib', 'ic', 'id', 'ie', 'if', 'ig', 'ih', 'ii', 'ij', 'ik', 'il', 'im', 'io', 'ip', 'iq', 'is', 'it', 'iu', 'iv', 'iw', 'ix', 'iy', 'iz', 'ja', 'jb', 'jc', 'jd', 'je', 'jf', 'jg', 'jh', 'ji', 'jj', 'jk', 'jl', 'jm', 'jn', 'jo', 'jp', 'jq', 'jr', 'js', 'jt', 'ju', 'jv', 'jw', 'jx', 'jy', 'jz', 'ka', 'kb', 'kc', 'kd', 'ke', 'kf', 'kg', 'kh', 'ki', 'kj', 'kk', 'kl', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'kp', 'kq', 'ks', 'kt', 'ku', 'kv', 'kw', 'kx', 'ky', 'kz', 'lb', 'lc', 'ld', 'le', 'lf', 'lg', 'lh', 'lj', 'lk', 'll', 'lm', 'ln', 'lo', 'lp', 'lq', 'ls', 'lt', 'lw', 'lx', 'ly', 'lz', 'ma', 'mb', 'me', 'mf', 'mh', 'mi', 'mj', 'mk', 'ml', 'mm', 'mp', 'mq', 'mr', 'ms', 'mu', 'mv', 'mw', 'mx', 'my', 'mz', 'nc', 'nf', 'ng', 'nj', 'nk', 'nl', 'nm', 'nn', 'nq', 'nr', 'ns', 'nt', 'nu', 'nv', 'nw', 'nx', 'ny', 'nz', 'oa', 'ob', 'oc', 'od', 'oe', 'of', 'oh', 'oi', 'oj', 'ok', 'ol', 'om', 'on', 'oo', 'op', 'oq', 'or', 'ot', 'ou', 'ov', 'ow', 'ox', 'oy', 'oz', 'pc', 'pe', 'pf', 'pg', 'ph', 'pi', 'pj', 'pk', 'pl', 'pn', 'pp', 'pq', 'ps', 'pv', 'pw', 'px', 'py', 'pz', 'qa', 'qb', 'qc', 'qd', 'qe', 'qf', 'qg', 'qh', 'qi', 'qj', 'qk', 'ql', 'qm', 'qn', 'qo', 'qp', 'qq', 'qr', 'qs', 'qt', 'qu', 'qv', 'qw', 'qx', 'qy', 'qz', 'rc', 'rd', 'ri', 'rj', 'rk', 'rl', 'rm', 'ro', 'rp', 'rq', 'rr', 'rs', 'rt', 'rv', 'rw', 'rx', 'ry', 'rz', 'sa', 'sd', 'sf', 'sh', 'sj', 'sk', 'sl', 'so', 'sp', 'sq', 'ss', 'st', 'su', 'sv', 'sw', 'sx', 'sy', 'sz', 'td', 'tf', 'tg', 'tj', 'tk', 'tn', 'to', 'tp', 'tq', 'tr', 'tt', 'tu', 'tv', 'tw', 'tx', 'ty', 'tz', 'ua', 'ub', 'uc', 'ud', 'ue', 'uf', 'ug', 'uh', 'ui', 'uj', 'uk', 'ul', 'um', 'un', 'uo', 'up', 'uq', 'ur', 'us', 'ut', 'uu', 'uv', 'uw', 'ux', 'uy', 'uz', 'va', 'vb', 'vc', 'vd', 've', 'vf', 'vg', 'vh', 'vi', 'vj', 'vk', 'vl', 'vm', 'vn', 'vo', 'vp', 'vq', 'vr', 'vs', 'vt', 'vu', 'vv', 'vw', 'vx', 'vy', 'vz', 'wa', 'wb', 'wc', 'wd', 'we', 'wf', 'wg', 'wh', 'wi', 'wj', 'wk', 'wl', 'wm', 'wn', 'wo', 'wp', 'wq', 'wr', 'ws', 'wt', 'wu', 'wv', 'ww', 'wx', 'wy', 'wz', 'xa', 'xb', 'xc', 'xd', 'xf', 'xg', 'xh', 'xi', 'xj', 'xk', 'xl', 'xm', 'xn', 'xo', 'xp', 'xq', 'xr', 'xs', 'xt', 'xu', 'xv', 'xw', 'xx', 'xy', 'xz', 'ya', 'yc', 'yd', 'ye', 'yf', 'yg', 'yh', 'yi', 'yj', 'yk', 'yl', 'ym', 'yn', 'yo', 'yp', 'yq', 'yr', 'ys', 'yt', 'yu', 'yv', 'yw', 'yx', 'yy', 'yz', 'za', 'zb', 'zc', 'zd', 'ze', 'zf', 'zg', 'zh', 'zi', 'zj', 'zk', 'zl', 'zm', 'zo', 'zp', 'zq', 'zs', 'zt', 'zu', 'zv', 'zw', 'zx', 'zy', 'zz']

[postsofbabel]

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# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae Af Ag Ah Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av Aw Ax Ay Az

B Ba Bb Bc Bd Be Bf Bg Bh Bi Bj Bk Bl Bm Bn Bo Bp Bq Br Bs Bt Bu Bv Bw Bx By Bz

C Ca Cb Cc Cd Ce Cf Cg Ch Ci Cj Ck Cl Cm Cn Co Cp Cq Cr Cs Ct Cu Cv Cw Cx Cy Cz

D Da Db Dc Dd De Df Dg Dh Di Dj Dk Dl Dm Dn Do Dp Dq Dr Ds Dt Du Dv Dw Dx Dy Dz

E Ea Eb Ec Ed Ee Ef Eg Eh Ei Ej Ek El Em En Eo Ep Eq Er Es Et Eu Ev Ew Ex Ey Ez

F Fa Fb Fc Fd Fe Ff Fg Fh Fi Fj Fk Fl Fm Fn Fo Fp Fq Fr Fs Ft Fu Fv Fw Fx Fy Fz

G Ga Gb Gc Gd Ge Gf Gg Gh Gi Gj Gk Gl Gm Gn Go Gp Gq Gr Gs Gt Gu Gv Gw Gx Gy Gz

H Ha Hb Hc Hd He Hf Hg Hh Hi Hj Hk Hl Hm Hn Ho Hp Hq Hr Hs Ht Hu Hv Hw Hx Hy Hz

I Ia Ib Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii Ij Ik Il Im In Io Ip Iq Ir Is It Iu Iv Iw Ix Iy Iz

J Ja Jb Jc Jd Je Jf Jg Jh Ji Jj Jk Jl Jm Jn Jo Jp Jq Jr Js Jt Ju Jv Jw Jx Jy Jz

K Ka Kb Kc Kd Ke Kf Kg Kh Ki Kj Kk Kl Km Kn Ko Kp Kq Kr Ks Kt Ku Kv Kw Kx Ky Kz

L La Lb Lc Ld Le Lf Lg Lh Li Lj Lk Ll Lm Ln Lo Lp Lq Lr Ls Lt Lu Lv Lw Lx Ly Lz

M Ma Mb Mc Md Me Mf Mg Mh Mi Mj Mk Ml Mm Mn Mo Mp Mq Mr Ms Mt Mu Mv Mw Mx My Mz

N Na Nb Nc Nd Ne Nf Ng Nh Ni Nj Nk Nl Nm Nn No Np Nq Nr Ns Nt Nu Nv Nw Nx Ny Nz

O Oa Ob Oc Od Oe Of Og Oh Oi Oj Ok Ol Om On Oo Op Oq Or Os Ot Ou Ov Ow Ox Oy Oz

P Pa Pb Pc Pd Pe Pf Pg Ph Pi Pj Pk Pl Pm Pn Po Pp Pq Pr Ps Pt Pu Pv Pw Px Py Pz

Q Qa Qb Qc Qd Qe Qf Qg Qh Qi Qj Qk Ql Qm Qn Qo Qp Qq Qr Qs Qt Qu Qv Qw Qx Qy Qz

R Ra Rb Rc Rd Re Rf Rg Rh Ri Rj Rk Rl Rm Rn Ro Rp Rq Rr Rs Rt Ru Rv Rw Rx Ry Rz

S Sa Sb Sc Sd Se Sf Sg Sh Si Sj Sk Sl Sm Sn So Sp Sq Sr Ss St Su Sv Sw Sx Sy Sz

T Ta Tb Tc Td Te Tf Tg Th Ti Tj Tk Tl Tm Tn To Tp Tq Tr Ts Tt Tu Tv Tw Tx Ty Tz

U Ua Ub Uc Ud Ue Uf Ug Uh Ui Uj Uk Ul Um Un Uo Up Uq Ur Us Ut Uu Uv Uw Ux Uy Uz

V Va Vb Vc Vd Ve Vf Vg Vh Vi Vj Vk Vl Vm Vn Vo Vp Vq Vr Vs Vt Vu Vv Vw Vx Vy Vz

W Wa Wb Wc Wd We Wf Wg Wh Wi Wj Wk Wl Wm Wn Wo Wp Wq Wr Ws Wt Wu Wv Ww Wx Wy Wz

X Xa Xb Xc Xd Xe Xf Xg Xh Xi Xj Xk Xl Xm Xn Xo Xp Xq Xr Xs Xt Xu Xv Xw Xx Xy Xz

Y Ya Yb Yc Yd Ye Yf Yg Yh Yi Yj Yk Yl Ym Yn Yo Yp Yq Yr Ys Yt Yu Yv Yw Yx Yy Yz

Z Za Zb Zc Zd Ze Zf Zg Zh Zi Zj Zk Zl Zm Zn Zo Zp Zq Zr Zs Zt Zu Zv Zw Zx Zy Zz

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[thecrazyneographist]

Garmed /gɑɹmd/

ʔ aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ iː oʊ̯ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ̯ ɔː ɛ ɛə̯ ɜː ɪ ɪə̯ ʊ ʊə̯ ʌ m k j p w n s t b l h g ŋ d f ʧ ʃ z ʤ v mb ŋg nd ð θ ndz nz ɹ ŋk nt mp ʍ bv ns nʧ nts ps ng bz dl ts kf nh nl tn pm tl bd bj bl bm bn bs bskj bskɹ bst bstɹ bt bɹ bʤ df dg dgɹ dj dkw dm dn ds dst dv dw dz dɹ dʃ fj fl fs fspɹ ft ftl ftw fɹ gd gj gl gm gn gz gɹ gʤ kd kgɹ kj kl km kn ks ksf ksk kskj kskl kskw ksm ksp kspl kspɹ kst kstɹ ksw ksʧ kt ktf ktl kts ktɹ kw kz kɹ kʃ kʧ lb ld ldf ldh ldl ldn ldz ldɹ lf lg lgɹ lj lk lkj ll lm ln lp lpf lpl lptj ls lsh lsʍ lt ltj lts ltɹ lv lvd lvz lw lz lð lɹ lʤ lʧ lθ mbl mbɹ md mf mfl mft mfɹ mh mj ml mn mpj mpl mps mpt mptl mpɹ mpʃ mpʧ ms mst mt mw mz mɹ mʧ mθ nb nbɹ ndj ndl ndm ndɹ nf nfj nfl nfɹ ngɹ nj nk nkl nkw nkɹ nm nn npl nsf nsj nskɹ nsl nsm nsp nst nstɹ ntl ntm ntɹ nv nw nzl nzp nɹ nʃ nʤ nʤd nʤm nθ nθj pj pl pt pw pɹ pʃ pʧ sd sf sg sgɹ sj sk skj skl skw skɹ sl sm sn sp spj spl spt spɹ st stj stl stm sts stw stɹ sw sʧ tb tf th tj tm tsm tw tɹ vd vj vl vm vn vz vɹ zb zd zj zl zm ðdɹ ðst ðz ŋd ŋgj ŋgl ŋgw ŋgɹ ŋks ŋkt ŋkw ŋkʃ ŋkʧ ŋl ŋz ɹb ɹd ɹdz ɹf ɹg ɹk ɹks ɹkt ɹl ɹm ɹmd ɹml ɹmz ɹn ɹnd ɹpl ɹs ɹsm ɹst ɹt ɹtl ɹts ɹv ɹz ɹʃ ɹʤ ɹʧ ɹʧt ɹθ ɹθw ʃm ʃn ʃt ʃɹ ʤd ʤm ʤt ʧl ʧm ʧt θf θl θs θɹ x

Basically, there are 360 symbols assigned phonetic value from either English vowels/diphthongs or consonants/consonant clusters, numbers range from 0-359.

I have no idea how to make a table for that, but here's a link to a Google Doc with all the symbols numbered. Note that /ʔ/ is a "zero" character.

[wqp88888]

Country Codes List

CountryAlpha 2Alpha 3 CodeUN Code

A

Afghanistan AF AFG 004

ALA Aland Islands AX ALA 248

Albania AL ALB 008

Algeria DZ DZA 012

American Samoa AS ASM 016

Andorra AD AND 020

Angola AO AGO 024

Anguilla AI AIA 660

Antarctica AQ ATA 010

Antigua and Barbuda AG ATG 028

Argentina AR ARG 032

Armenia AM ARM 051

Aruba AW ABW 533

Australia AU AUS 036

Austria AT AUT 040

Azerbaijan AZ AZE 031

B

Bahamas BS BHS 044

Bahrain BH BHR 048

Bangladesh BD BGD 050

Barbados BB BRB 052

Belarus BY BLR 112

Belgium BE BEL 056

Belize BZ BLZ 084

Benin BJ BEN 204

Bermuda BM BMU 060

Bhutan BT BTN 064

Bolivia BO BOL 068

Bosnia and Herzegovina BA BIH 070

Botswana BW BWA 072

Bouvet Island BV BVT 074

Brazil BR BRA 076

British Virgin Islands VG VGB 092

British Indian Ocean Territory IO IOT 086

Brunei Darussalam BN BRN 096

Bulgaria BG BGR 100

Burkina Faso BF BFA 854

Burundi BI BDI 108

C

Cambodia KH KHM 116

Cameroon CM CMR 120

Canada CA CAN 124

Cape Verde CV CPV 132

Cayman Islands KY CYM 136

Central African Republic CF CAF 140

Chad TD TCD 148

Chile CL CHL 152

China CN CHN 156

Hong Kong, SAR China HK HKG 344

Macao, SAR China MO MAC 446

Christmas Island CX CXR 162

Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC CCK 166

Colombia CO COL 170

Comoros KM COM 174

Congo (Brazzaville) CG COG 178

Congo, (Kinshasa) CD COD 180

Cook Islands CK COK 184

Costa Rica CR CRI 188

Côte d'Ivoire CI CIV 384

Croatia HR HRV 191

Cuba CU CUB 192

Cyprus CY CYP 196

Czech Republic CZ CZE 203

D

Denmark DK DNK 208

Djibouti DJ DJI 262

Dominica DM DMA 212

Dominican Republic DO DOM 214

E

Ecuador EC ECU 218

Egypt EG EGY 818

El Salvador SV SLV 222

Equatorial Guinea GQ GNQ 226

Eritrea ER ERI 232

Estonia EE EST 233

Ethiopia ET ETH 231

F

Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FK FLK 238

Faroe Islands FO FRO 234

Fiji FJ FJI 242

Finland FI FIN 246

France FR FRA 250

French Guiana GF GUF 254

French Polynesia PF PYF 258

French Southern Territories TF ATF 260

G

Gabon GA GAB 266

Gambia GM GMB 270

Georgia GE GEO 268

Germany DE DEU 276

Ghana GH GHA 288

Gibraltar GI GIB 292

Greece GR GRC 300

Greenland GL GRL 304

Grenada GD GRD 308

Guadeloupe GP GLP 312

Guam GU GUM 316

Guatemala GT GTM 320

Guernsey GG GGY 831

Guinea GN GIN 324

Guinea-Bissau GW GNB 624

Guyana GY GUY 328

H

Haiti HT HTI 332

Heard and Mcdonald Islands HM HMD 334

Holy See (Vatican City State) VA VAT 336

Honduras HN HND 340

Hungary HU HUN 348

I

Iceland IS ISL 352

India IN IND 356

Indonesia ID IDN 360

Iran, Islamic Republic of IR IRN 364

Iraq IQ IRQ 368

Ireland IE IRL 372

Isle of Man IM IMN 833

Israel IL ISR 376

Italy IT ITA 380

J

Jamaica JM JAM 388

Japan JP JPN 392

Jersey JE JEY 832

Jordan JO JOR 400

K

Kazakhstan KZ KAZ 398

Kenya KE KEN 404

Kiribati KI KIR 296

Korea (North) KP PRK 408

Korea (South) KR KOR 410

Kuwait KW KWT 414

Kyrgyzstan KG KGZ 417

L

Lao PDR LA LAO 418

Latvia LV LVA 428

Lebanon LB LBN 422

Lesotho LS LSO 426

Liberia LR LBR 430

Libya LY LBY 434

Liechtenstein LI LIE 438

Lithuania LT LTU 440

Luxembourg LU LUX 442

M

Macedonia, Republic of MK MKD 807

Madagascar MG MDG 450

Malawi MW MWI 454

Malaysia MY MYS 458

Maldives MV MDV 462

Mali ML MLI 466

Malta MT MLT 470

Marshall Islands MH MHL 584

Martinique MQ MTQ 474

Mauritania MR MRT 478

Mauritius MU MUS 480

Mayotte YT MYT 175

Mexico MX MEX 484

Micronesia, Federated States of FM FSM 583

Moldova MD MDA 498

Monaco MC MCO 492

Mongolia MN MNG 496

Montenegro ME MNE 499

Montserrat MS MSR 500

Morocco MA MAR 504

Mozambique MZ MOZ 508

Myanmar MM MMR 104

N

Namibia NA NAM 516

Nauru NR NRU 520

Nepal NP NPL 524

Netherlands NL NLD 528

Netherlands Antilles AN ANT 530

New Caledonia NC NCL 540

New Zealand NZ NZL 554

Nicaragua NI NIC 558

Niger NE NER 562

Nigeria NG NGA 566

Niue NU NIU 570

Norfolk Island NF NFK 574

Northern Mariana Islands MP MNP 580

Norway NO NOR 578

O

Oman OM OMN 512

P

Pakistan PK PAK 586

Palau PW PLW 585

Palestinian Territory PS PSE 275

Panama PA PAN 591

Papua New Guinea PG PNG 598

Paraguay PY PRY 600

Peru PE PER 604

Philippines PH PHL 608

Pitcairn PN PCN 612

Poland PL POL 616

Portugal PT PRT 620

Puerto Rico PR PRI 630

Q

Qatar QA QAT 634

R

Réunion RE REU 638

Romania RO ROU 642

Russian Federation RU RUS 643

Rwanda RW RWA 646

S

Saint-Barthélemy BL BLM 652

Saint Helena SH SHN 654

Saint Kitts and Nevis KN KNA 659

Saint Lucia LC LCA 662

Saint-Martin (French part) MF MAF 663

Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM SPM 666

Saint Vincent and Grenadines VC VCT 670

Samoa WS WSM 882

San Marino SM SMR 674

Sao Tome and Principe ST STP 678

Saudi Arabia SA SAU 682

Senegal SN SEN 686

Serbia RS SRB 688

Seychelles SC SYC 690

Sierra Leone SL SLE 694

Singapore SG SGP 702

Slovakia SK SVK 703

Slovenia SI SVN 705

Solomon Islands SB SLB 090

Somalia SO SOM 706

South Africa ZA ZAF 710

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GS SGS 239

South Sudan SS SSD 728

Spain ES ESP 724

Sri Lanka LK LKA 144

Sudan SD SDN 736

Suriname SR SUR 740

Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SJ SJM 744

Swaziland SZ SWZ 748

Sweden SE SWE 752

Switzerland CH CHE 756

Syrian Arab Republic (Syria) SY SYR 760

T

Taiwan, Republic of China TW TWN 158

Tajikistan TJ TJK 762

Tanzania, United Republic of TZ TZA 834

Thailand TH THA 764

Timor-Leste TL TLS 626

Togo TG TGO 768

Tokelau TK TKL 772

Tonga TO TON 776

Trinidad and Tobago TT TTO 780

Tunisia TN TUN 788

Turkey TR TUR 792

Turkmenistan TM TKM 795

Turks and Caicos Islands TC TCA 796

Tuvalu TV TUV 798

U

Uganda UG UGA 800

Ukraine UA UKR 804

United Arab Emirates AE ARE 784

United Kingdom GB GBR 826

United States of America US USA 840

US Minor Outlying Islands UM UMI 581

Uruguay UY URY 858

Uzbekistan UZ UZB 860

V

Vanuatu VU VUT 548

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic) VE VEN 862

Viet Nam VN VNM 704

Virgin Islands, US VI VIR 850

W

Wallis and Futuna Islands WF WLF 876

Western Sahara EH ESH 732

Y-Z

Yemen YE YEM 887

Zambia ZM ZMB 894

Zimbabwe ZW ZWE 716

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[notyourdadshistory-blog]

KMS Scharnhorst was ordered as Ersatz Elsass as a replacement for the old pre-dreadnought Elsass, under the contract name "D." The Kriegsmarinewerft in Wilhelmshaven was awarded the contract, where the keel was laid on 16 July 1935. The ship was launched on 3 October 1936, witnessed by Adolf Hitler, Minister of War Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg, and the widow of Kapitän zur See Schultz, the commander of the armored cruiser Scharnhorst, which had been sunk at the Battle of the Falkland Islands during World War I. Fitting-out work followed her launch, and was completed by January 1939. Scharnhorst was commissioned into the fleet on 9 January for sea trials, which revealed a dangerous tendency to ship considerable amounts of water in heavy seas. This caused flooding in the bow and damaged electrical systems in the forward gun turret. As a result, she went back to the dockyard for extensive modification of the bow. The original straight stem was replaced with a raised "Atlantic bow." A raked funnel cap was also installed during the reconstruction, along with an enlarged aircraft hangar; the main mast was also moved further aft. The modifications were completed by November 1939, by which time the ship was finally fully operational.

Scharnhorst displaced 32,100 long tons (32,600 t) as built and 38,100 long tons (38,700 t) fully loaded, with a length of 234.9 m (771 ft), a beam of 30 m (98 ft) and a maximum draft of 9.9 m (32 ft). She was powered by three Brown, Boveri & Cie geared steam turbines, which developed a total of 159,551 shp; 118,977 kW and yielded a maximum speed of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph) on speed trials. Her standard crew numbered 56 officers and 1,613 enlisted men, augmented during the war to 60 officers and 1,780 men. While serving as a squadron flagship, Scharnhorst carried an additional ten officers and 61 enlisted men.

She was armed with nine 28 cm (11.1 in) L/54.5 guns arranged in three triple gun turrets: two turrets forward, one superfiring—Anton and Bruno—and one aft—Caesar. The design also enabled the ship to be up-gunned with six 15 inch guns which never took place. Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 15 cm (5.9 in) L/55 guns, fourteen 10.5 cm L/65 and sixteen 3.7 cm (1.5 in) SK C/30 L/83, and initially ten 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The number of 2 cm guns was eventually increased to thirty-eight. Six 53.3 cm (21.0 in) above-water torpedo tubes, taken from the light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig, were installed in 1942.

Commanding officers:

At her commissioning, Scharnhorst was commanded by Kapitän zur See (KzS) Otto Ciliax. His tenure as the ship's commander was brief; in September 1939, an illness forced him to go on sick leave, and he was replaced by KzS Kurt-Caesar Hoffmann. Hoffmann served as the ship's captain until 1942. On 1 April 1942, Hoffmann, who had been promoted to Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) and awarded the Knight's Cross, transferred command of the ship to KzS Friedrich Hüffmeier. In October 1943, shortly before Scharnhorst's last mission, Hüffmeier was replaced by KzS Fritz Hintze, who was killed during the ship's final battle.

Service History

Scharnhorst's first operation began on 21 November 1939; the ship, in company with her sister Gneisenau, the light cruiser Köln, and nine destroyers, was to patrol the area between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. The intent of the operation was to draw out British units and ease the pressure on the heavy cruiser ("pocket battleship") Admiral Graf Spee, which was being pursued in the South Atlantic. Two days later, the German flotilla intercepted the British armed merchant cruiser Rawalpindi. At 16:07, lookouts aboard Scharnhorst spotted the vessel, and less than an hour later Scharnhorst had closed the range. At 17:03, Scharnhorst opened fire, and three minutes later a salvo of her 28 cm guns hit Rawalpindi's bridge, killing the captain Edward Coverly Kennedy, and the majority of the officers. During the brief engagement, Rawalpindi managed to score a hit on Scharnhorst, which caused minor splinter damage.

By 17:16, Rawalpindi was burning badly and in the process of sinking. Admiral Wilhelm Marschall, aboard Gneisenau, ordered Scharnhorst to pick up survivors. These rescue operations were interrupted by the appearance of the cruiser Newcastle. The German force quickly fled north before using inclement weather to make the dash south through the North Sea. Four allied capital ships, the British Hood, Nelson, Rodney and the French Dunkerque followed in pursuit. The Germans reached Wilhelmshaven on 27 November, and on the trip both battleships incurred significant damage from heavy seas and winds. Scharnhorst was repaired in Wilhelmshaven, and while in dock, her boilers were overhauled.

Operation Weserübung

Following the completion of repairs, Scharnhorst went into the Baltic Sea for gunnery training. Heavy ice in the Baltic kept the ship there until February 1940 when she could return to Wilhelmshaven, arriving on 5 February. She was then assigned to the forces participating in Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Denmark and Norway. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were the covering force for the assaults on Narvik and Trondheim; the two ships left Wilhelmshaven on the morning of 7 April. They were joined by the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper. Later that day, at around 14:30, the three ships came under attack by a force of British bombers, which failed to make any hits. Heavy winds caused significant structural damage that evening, and flooding contaminated a portion of Scharnhorst's fuel stores.

At 09:15 the following morning, Admiral Hipper was detached to reinforce the destroyers at Narvik, which had reported engaging British forces. Early on 9 April, the two ships encountered the British battlecruiser HMS Renown. Gneisenau's Seetakt radar picked up a radar contact at 04:30, which prompted the crews of both vessels to go to combat stations. Half an hour later, Scharnhorst's navigator spotted gun flashes from Renown firing at Gneisenau; the Germans returned fire three minutes later. Gneisenau was hit twice in the opening portion of the engagement, and one shell disabled her rear gun turret. Scharnhorst's radar malfunctioned, which prevented her from being able to effectively engage Renown during the battle. At 05:18, the British battlecruiser shifted fire to Scharnhorst, which maneuvered to avoid the falling shells. By 07:15, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau had used their superior speed to escape from the pursuing Renown. Heavy seas and the high speed with which the pair of battleships escaped caused them to ship large amounts of water forward. Scharnhorst's forward turret was put out of action by severe flooding. Mechanical problems with her starboard turbines developed after running at full speed, which forced the ships to reduce speed to 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph).

Scharnhorst and Gneisenau had reached a point north-west of Lofoten, Norway, by 12:00 on 9 April. The two ships then turned west for 24 hours while temporary repairs were effected. After a day of steaming west, the ships turned south and rendezvoused with Admiral Hipper on 12 April. An RAF patrol aircraft spotted the three ships that day, which prompted an air attack. The German warships were protected by poor visibility, however, and the three ships safely reached port later that day. Scharnhorst returned to Germany, and was repaired at the Deutsche Werke in Kiel. During the repair process, the aircraft catapult that had been installed on the rear gun turret was removed.

The two ships left Wilhelmshaven on 4 June to return to Norway. They were joined by Admiral Hipper and four destroyers. The purpose of the sortie was to interrupt Allied efforts to resupply the Norwegians and to relieve the pressure on German troops fighting in Norway. On 7 June, the squadron rendezvoused with the tanker Dithmarschen to refuel Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers. The next day, a British corvette was discovered and sunk, along with the oil tanker Oil Pioneer. The Germans then launched their Arado 196 float planes to search for more Allied vessels. Admiral Hipper and the destroyers were sent to destroy Orama, a 19,500 long tons (19,800 t) passenger ship, while Atlantis, a hospital ship, was allowed to proceed unmolested. Admiral Marschall detached Admiral Hipper and the four destroyers to refuel in Trondheim, while he would steam to the Harstad area.

At 17:45, the German battleships spotted the British aircraft carrier Glorious and two escorting destroyers, Ardent and Acasta, at a range of some 50,000 m (55,000 yd). Scharnhorst was closer and therefore fired first. Six minutes after opening fire, Scharnhorst scored a hit at a range of 24,100 m (26,400 yd). The shell struck the carrier's upper hangar and started a large fire. Less than ten minutes later, a shell from Gneisenau struck the bridge and killed Glorious's captain. The two destroyers attempted to cover Glorious with smoke screens, but the German battleships could track the carrier with their radar. By 18:26 the range had fallen to 25,600 m (28,000 yd), and Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were firing full salvos at the carrier. After approximately an hour of shooting, the German battleships sent Glorious to the bottom. They also sank the two destroyers. Before sinking one of them, Acasta, managed to hit Scharnhorst with a torpedo at 18:39. Acasta also hit Scharnhorst's forward superfiring turret with her 4.7" QF guns, which did negligible damage. The torpedo hit caused serious damage; it tore a hole 14 by 6 m (15.3 by 6.6 yd) and allowed 2,500 t (2,500 long tons; 2,800 short tons) of water into the ship. The rear turret was disabled and 48 men were killed. The flooding caused a 5 degree list, increased the stern draft by almost a meter, and forced Scharnhorst to reduce speed to 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph). The ship's machinery was also significantly damaged by the flooding, and the starboard propeller shaft was destroyed.

The damage was severe enough to force Scharnhorst to put into Trondheim for temporary repairs. She reached port on the afternoon of 9 June, where the repair ship Huaskaran was waiting. The following day a reconnaissance plane from RAF Coastal Command spotted the ship, and a raid by twelve Hudson bombers took place on 11 June. The Hudsons dropped thirty-six 227 lb (103 kg) armor-piercing bombs, which all missed. The Royal Navy joined in the attacks on the ship by sending the battleship Rodney and the aircraft carrier Ark Royal. On 13 June, Ark Royal launched fifteen Skua dive bombers; German fighters intercepted the attackers and shot eight of them down. The other seven made it past the air defenses and attacked Scharnhorst, but only scored one hit, and the bomb failed to detonate. Preliminary repairs were completed by 20 June, which permitted the ship to return to Germany. While Scharnhorst was en route under heavy escort on 21 June, the British launched two air attacks, six Swordfish torpedo bombers in the first and nine Beaufort bombers in the second. Both were driven off by anti-aircraft fire and fighters. The Germans intercepted British radio traffic that indicated the Royal Navy was at sea, which prompted Scharnhorst to make for Stavanger. British warships were within 35 nmi (65 km; 40 mi) of Scharnhorst's position when she turned to Stavanger. The next day, Scharnhorst left Stavanger for Kiel, where repairs were carried out, lasting some six months.

Operation Berlin

Following the completion of repairs, Scharnhorst underwent trials in the Baltic before returning to Kiel in December 1940. There she joined Gneisenau, in preparation for Operation Berlin, a planned raid into the Atlantic Ocean designed to wreak havoc on the Allied shipping lanes. Severe storms caused damage to Gneisenau but Scharnhorst was undamaged. The two ships were forced to put into port during the storm: Scharnhorst went to Gotenhafen while Gneisenau went to Kiel for repairs. Repairs were quickly completed, and on 22 January 1941, the two ships, under the command of Admiral Günther Lütjens, left port for the North Atlantic. They were detected in the Skagerrak and the heavy units of the British Home Fleet deployed to cover the passage between Iceland and the Faroes. The Germans' radar detected the British at long range, which allowed Lütjens to avoid the British patrols, with the aid of a squall. By 3 February, the two battleships had evaded the last British cruiser patrol, and had broken into the open Atlantic.

On 6 February, the two ships refueled from the tanker Schlettstadt south of Cape Farewell. Shortly after 08:30 on 8 February, lookouts spotted convoy HX 106, escorted by the battleship Ramillies. Lütjens' orders prohibited him from engaging Allied capital ships, and so the attack was called off. Scharnhorst's commander, KzS Hoffmann, however, closed to 23,000 m (25,000 yd) in an attempt to lure Ramillies away from the convoy so that Gneisenau could attack the convoy. Lütjens ordered Hoffmann to rejoin the flagship immediately. The two battleships steamed off to the northwest to search for more shipping. On 22 February, the pair spotted an empty convoy sailing west, which dispersed at the appearance of the battleships. Scharnhorst managed to sink only one ship during the encounter, the 6000 ton tanker Lustrous.

Lütjens then decided to move to a new area, as the surviving members of the dispersed convoy had sent distress signals. He chose the Cape Town-Gibraltar convoy route, and positioned himself to the northwest of Cape Verde. The two ships encountered another convoy, escorted by the battleship Malaya, on 8 March. Lütjens again forbade an attack, but he shadowed the convoy and directed U-boats to attack. A pair of U-boats sank a total of 28,488 tons of shipping on the night of 8–9 March. Malaya turned on the two battleships and closed to 24,000 m (26,000 yd), well within the range of the Germans' guns, but Lütjens refused to be drawn into an engagement. He instead turned toward the mid-Atlantic, where Scharnhorst sank the Greek cargo ship Marathon. The two ships then refueled from the tankers Uckermark and Ermland on 12 March.

On 15 March, the two battleships, with the two tankers in company, encountered a dispersed convoy in the mid-Atlantic. Scharnhorst sank two ships. Several days later, the main body of the convoy was located, and Scharnhorst sank another seven ships totaling 27,277 tons. One of the surviving ships radioed the location of the German battleships, which summoned the powerful British battleships Rodney and King George V. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau used their high speed to escape in a squall, and the intervention by the British battleships convinced Lütjens that the chances of further success were small. He therefore decided to head for Brest in occupied France, which the ships reached on 22 March. Throughout the operation, Scharnhorst had difficulties with the superheater tubes in her boilers. Repair work lasted until July, which caused the ship to be unavailable during Operation Rheinübung, the sortie by the new battleship Bismarck in May 1941.

Air raid on 24 July 1941

After repairs were completed in July, Scharnhorst went to La Pallice for trials on the 21st, where she easily steamed at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph). She did not return to Brest to avoid an undesirable concentration of heavy units in one port (the Prinz Eugen had arrived there on 21 July) but moored alongside at La Pallice on 23 July. The RAF had planned a large, complicated raid on the capital ships in Brest for the night of 24 July, but an aerial reconnaissance photograph  of Scharnhorst in her berth at La Pallice caused a last minute alteration to the operation. The Halifax heavy bombers of No. 35 Squadron RAF and No. 76 Squadron RAF flew the extra 200 miles (320 km) to reach Scharnhorst and the rest of the raid on Brest went ahead as planned, with Prinz Eugen and Gneisenau as their principal targets. The 15 Halifaxes attacked Scharnhorst at her moorings . They scored five hits in an almost straight line on the starboard side, parallel to the centerline. Three of the bombs were 454 kg (1,001 lb) armor-piercing bombs, and the other two were 227 kg (500 lb) high-explosive bombs. One of the 227 kg bombs hit the deck just forward of the starboard 15 cm twin turret next to the conning tower. It passed through the upper and middle decks before exploding on the main armored deck, which contained the blast. The joints with the torpedo bulkhead were weakened enough to cause leaking. The second 227 kg bomb fell forward of the rear main battery turret and penetrated the first two decks. It also exploded on the armored deck and tore a small hole in it. The explosion caused splinter damage and disabled the ammunition hoists for the 37 mm anti-aircraft guns.

Two of the 454 kg bombs hit amidships between the 15 cm and 10.5 cm gun turrets; both failed to explode and penetrated the ship completely. The first went through each deck and exited the ship through the double bottom, while the other was deflected by the torpedo bulkhead and penetrated the hull beneath the side belt armor. The third 454 kg bomb hit aft of the rear 28 cm turret, about 3 m (9.8 ft) from the side of the ship. It too failed to detonate, and passed through the side of the hull, which was not protected by the main armor belt. These three hits caused significant flooding and caused an 8 degree list to starboard. The forward and rear gun turrets were temporarily disabled, along with half of her anti-aircraft battery. Two men were killed and fifteen were injured in the attack. Damage control teams managed to correct the list with counter-flooding, and although draft increased by 1 m (3.3 ft), Scharnhorst was able to leave for Brest at 19:30. On the morning of 25 July, one of the escorting destroyers shot down a British patrol plane. The ship reached Brest later that day and went into dry dock for repairs, which took 4 months. While the damage was being repaired, a new radar system was installed aft, the power output for the forward radar was increased to 100 kW, and the 53.3 cm torpedo tubes were installed.

The strategic position following the damage to Scharnhorst was serious. Gneisenau was still being repaired following torpedo damage on 6 April and bomb damage on 9–10 April. The Prinz Eugen had been seriously damaged by a bomb on 1 July. Bismarck had been sunk on 27 May. All German capital ships deployed to the Atlantic were therefore out of action.

Operation Cerberus

On 12 January 1942, the German Naval Command, in a conference with Hitler, made the decision to return Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to Germany. The intention was to deploy the vessels to Norway to interdict Allied convoys to the Soviet Union. The so-called "Channel Dash", codenamed Operation Cerberus, would avoid the increasingly effective Allied radar and patrol aircraft in the Atlantic. Vice Admiral Otto Ciliax, Scharnhorst's first commander, was given command of the operation. In early February, minesweepers swept a route through the English Channel undetected by the British.

At 23:00 on 11 February, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Prinz Eugen left Brest. They entered the Channel an hour later; the three ships sped at 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph), hugging the French coast along the voyage. The British failed to detect their departure, as the submarine that had been tasked with observing the port had withdrawn to recharge its batteries. By 06:30, they had passed Cherbourg, at which point they were joined by a flotilla of torpedo boats. The torpedo boats were led by Kapitän Erich Bey, aboard the destroyer Z29. General der Jagdflieger (General of Fighter Force) Adolf Galland directed Luftwaffe fighter and bomber forces (Operation Donnerkeil) during Cerberus. The fighters flew at masthead-height to avoid detection by the British radar network. Liaison officers were present on all three ships. German aircraft arrived later to jam British radar with chaff. By 13:00, the ships had cleared the Strait of Dover half an hour later, a flight of six Swordfish torpedo bombers, with Spitfire escort, attacked the Germans. The British failed to penetrate the Luftwaffe fighter shield, and all six Swordfish were destroyed.

Scharnhorst did not make the voyage unscathed, however; at 15:31 she struck an air-dropped magnetic mine in the mouth of the Scheldt, abreast of the forward superfiring turret. The blast damaged the ship's circuit breakers and knocked out her electrical system for 20 minutes. The explosive shock caused serious damage; turret Bruno was jammed, as were the twin and single 15 cm mounts on the port side. The blast also damaged the fuel oil pumps and the bearings in the turbo-generators, which brought the ship to a halt. The power outage disabled the emergency shut-off switches to the boilers and turbines, which could not be turned off until power was restored. The explosion tore a large gash in the side of the hull and allowed 1,220 t (1,200 long tons; 1,340 short tons) of water into the ship, flooding 30 watertight spaces within five main watertight compartments. Scharnhorst took on a list of one degree and was down by the bows by a meter.

While the ship was immobilized, Admiral Ciliax transferred to Z29. The engine room crews managed to restart the first turbine at 15:49, nearly twenty minutes after the mine explosion. The second and third turbines were restarted at 15:55 and 16:01, respectively, which permitted a speed of 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph). At around the time the last turbine was restarted, a single bomber dropped several bombs approximately 90 m (98 yd) off Scharnhorst's port side, which caused no damage. Once the ship was back under way, twelve Beauforts launched a 10-minute attack that was beaten off by anti-aircraft fire and the escorting Luftwaffe fighters. The British carried out a series of attacks that were all unsuccessful; Scharnhorst's anti-aircraft guns were red-hot by the end of the action, and one 20 mm gun had burst from the strain.

The ship struck another mine off Terschelling on the starboard side at 22:34. The mine briefly knocked out the power system and temporarily disabled the rudders. Two of the three turbines were jammed, and the third had to be turned off. Another 300 t (300 long tons; 330 short tons) tons of water flooded ten watertight spaces in four main compartments. Only the centerline shaft was operational, which permitted a speed of only 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Partial power was eventually restored to the starboard turbine, which allowed speed to be increased to 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). The shock damaged the rotating parts of all of the ship's gun turrets, and three of the 15 cm turrets were seriously jammed. By 08:00, Scharnhorst had reached the Jade Bight but ice prevented the ship from entering Wilhelmshaven. While waiting outside the port, Admiral Ciliax returned to the ship. The ice had been cleared by noon, permitting Scharnhorst's entrance to Wilhelmshaven. Two days later, Scharnhorst went to Kiel for permanent repairs. Work was conducted in a floating dry dock and lasted until July 1942. Afterward, another round of trials were conducted in the Baltic, which revealed the necessity of replacing several of the boiler tubes.

Deployment to Norway

In early August 1942, Scharnhorst conducted exercises in cooperation with several U-boats. During the maneuvers, she collided with the German submarine U-523, which caused damage that necessitated dry-docking for repairs. Work was completed by September, and the ship conducted further training in the Baltic. Scharnhorst steamed to Gotenhafen in late October for a new rudder, the design of which was based on the lessons learned from the torpedoing of Prinz Eugen and Lützow earlier in the year. Boiler and turbine troubles kept the ship in Germany for the remainder of 1942. By December, only two of the three shafts were operational and a complete overhaul of the propulsion system was required. In early January 1943, the ship was back in service, and after trials, left Germany on 7 January in company with Prinz Eugen and five destroyers. Reports of heavy activity in British airfields near the coast prompted the force to return to port, however. Another attempt to reach Norway was canceled under similar circumstances. On 8 March, however, poor weather grounded the British bombers, and so Scharnhorst and four destroyers were able to make the journey to Norway. A severe storm off Bergen forced the destroyers to seek shelter but Scharnhorst was able to continue on at the reduced speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). At 16:00 on 14 March, Scharnhorst dropped anchor in Bogen Bay outside Narvik. There she met Lützow and the battleship Tirpitz.

On 22 March, Scharnhorst, Tirpitz, and Lützow steamed to Altafjord for repairs to damage incurred in heavy storms. In early April, Scharnhorst, Tirpitz, and nine destroyers conducted a training mission to Bear Island in the Arctic Ocean. On the 8th, a serious internal explosion occurred in the aft auxiliary machinery space above the armor deck. The explosion killed or injured 34 men and prompted the crew to flood the magazines for turret Caesar as a precaution against a magazine explosion. A repair ship completed work on the vessel in two weeks. Fuel shortages prevented major operations for the next six months, during which Scharnhorst was able to conduct only short training maneuvers.

Scharnhorst, Tirpitz, and nine destroyers embarked from Altafjord on an offensive on 6 September known as Operation Zitronella; the ships were tasked with bombarding the island of Spitzbergen. During the operation, Scharnhorst destroyed a battery of two 76 mm (3.0 in) guns and shelled fuel tanks, coal mines, harbor facilities, and military installations. Of particular importance was the weather station that was transmitting weather information to the Allies, which was used to schedule convoys to the Soviet Union. The destroyers landed some 1,000 troops, which pushed the Norwegian garrison into the mountains, completing the mission without major loss. On 22 September, a pair of British X-craft mini-submarines attacked and seriously damaged Tirpitz, which reduced the Arctic Task Force to Scharnhorst and her five escorting destroyers.

On 25 November 1943 Scharnhorst carried out a two-hour full power trial achieving 29.6 knots (54.8 km/h; 34.1 mph) and it was noted that her draught had increased by over .5 metres (1.6 ft) from her 1940 trials where she had attained 31.14 knots (57.67 km/h; 35.84 mph).

Battle of the North Cape

With the rapidly deteriorating military situation for the German Army on the Eastern Front, it became increasingly important to interrupt the flow of supplies from the Western Allies to the Soviet Union. By December 1943, the German Army was forced into continuous retreat. The Luftwaffe had been seriously weakened by four long years of war, and increasing Allied anti-submarine capabilities were steadily degrading the effectiveness of the U-boats. The only effective weapon at the disposal of the Germans in Norway was Scharnhorst—Tirpitz was badly damaged, and the four remaining heavy cruisers were committed to the Baltic. During a conference with Hitler on 19–20 December, Großadmiral Karl Dönitz decided to employ Scharnhorst against the next Allied convoy that presented itself. Erich Bey, by now promoted to Konteradmiral, was given command of the task force.

On 22 December Dönitz ordered Bey to be ready to go to sea on a three-hour notice. Later that day, reconnaissance aircraft located a convoy of some 20 transports escorted by cruisers and destroyers approximately 400 nautical miles (740 kilometres; 460 miles) west of Tromsø. The convoy was spotted again two days later, and it was determined that the course was definitively toward the Soviet Union. A U-boat reported the convoy's location at 09:00 on 25 December, and Dönitz ordered Scharnhorst into action. In his instructions to Bey, Dönitz advised him to break off the engagement if presented with superior forces, but to remain aggressive. Bey planned to attack the convoy at 10:00 on 26 December if the conditions were favorable for the attack. At this time of year, there was only 45 minutes of full daylight and six hours of twilight, which significantly limited Bey's operational freedom. The Germans were concerned with developments in Allied radar-directed fire control, which allowed British battleships to fire with great accuracy in the darkness; German radar capabilities lagged behind those of their opponents.

Scharnhorst and her five destroyers left port at around 19:00 and were in the open sea four hours later. At 03:19, Bey received instructions from the Fleet Command that Scharnhorst was to conduct the attack alone if heavy seas interfered with the destroyers' ability to fight. Unbeknown to the Germans, the British were reading the radio transmissions between Scharnhorst and the Fleet Command; Admirals Robert Burnett and Bruce Fraser were aware of Bey's plan for the attack on the convoy and could position their forces accordingly. At 07:03, Scharnhorst was some 40 nautical miles (74 kilometres; 46 miles) southwest of Bear Island when she made a turn that would put her in position to attack the convoy at 10:00. Admiral Burnett, commanding the three cruisers Norfolk, Belfast, and Sheffield escorting Convoy JW 55B, placed his ships between the convoy and Scharnhorst's expected direction of attack. Fraser in the powerful battleship Duke of York, along with the cruiser Jamaica and four destroyers, moved to a position southwest of Scharnhorst to block a possible escape attempt.

An hour after making the turn, Bey deployed his destroyers in a line screening Scharnhorst, which remained 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) behind. Half an hour later, Scharnhorst's loudspeakers called the crew to battle stations in preparation for the attack. At 08:40, Belfast picked up Scharnhorst on her radar. The Germans were unaware that they had been detected, and they had turned off their radar to prevent the British from picking up on the signals. At 09:21, Belfast's lookouts spotted Scharnhorst at a range of 11,000 m (12,000 yd). The cruiser opened fire three minutes later, followed by Norfolk two minutes after. Scharnhorst fired a salvo from turret Caesar before turning and increasing speed to disengage from the cruisers. The battleship was hit twice by 20.3 cm (8 in) shells; the first failed to explode and caused negligible damage, but the second struck the forward rangefinders and destroyed the radar antenna. The aft radar, which possessed only a limited forward arc, was the ship's only remaining radar capability.

Scharnhorst turned south and attempted to work around the cruisers, but the superior British radar prevented Bey from successfully carrying out the maneuver. By 12:00, Scharnhorst was to the northeast of the convoy, but Belfast had reestablished radar contact; it took the cruisers twenty minutes to close the range and begin firing. Scharnhorst detected the cruisers with her aft radar and opened fire with her main battery guns before turning away to disengage a second time. Shortly before 12:25, Scharnhorst hit Norfolk twice with 28 cm shells. The first shell hit the forward superstructure and disabled Norfolk's gunnery radar. The second 28 cm round struck the ship's "X" barbette and disabled the turret. Scharnhorst then turned again and increased speed, in the hopes of escaping the cruisers and finding the convoy. Burnett chose to keep his distance and shadow Scharnhorst with radar while Fraser made his way to the scene in Duke of York. Meanwhile, the five German destroyers continued searching for the convoy without success. At 13:15, Bey decided to return to base, and at 13:43, he dismissed the destroyers and instructed them to return to port.

At 16:17, Duke of York made radar contact with Scharnhorst; thirty minutes later, Belfast illuminated the German battleship with star shells. At 16:50, Duke of York opened fire at a range of 11,000 m (12,000 yd); Scharnhorst quickly returned the fire. Five minutes after opening fire, one of Duke of York's 14 in (35.6 cm) shells struck Scharnhorst abreast of her forward gun turret. The shell hit jammed the turret's training gears, putting it out of action. Shell splinters started a fire in the ammunition magazine, which forced the Germans to flood both forward magazines to prevent an explosion. The water was quickly drained from turret Bruno's magazine. The ship was now fighting with only two-thirds of her main battery. Shortly thereafter, another 14 inch shell struck the ventilation trunk attached to Bruno, which caused the turret to be flooded with noxious propellant gases every time the breeches were opened. A third shell hit the deck next to turret Caesar and caused some flooding; shell splinters caused significant casualties. At 17:30, shells struck the forward 15 cm gun turrets and destroyed them both.

At around 18:00, another 14 in shell struck the ship on the starboard side, passed through the thin upper belt armor, and exploded in the number 1 boiler room. It caused significant damage to the ship's propulsion system and slowed the ship to 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph). Temporary repairs allowed Scharnhorst to return to 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph). She managed to add 5,000 m (5,500 yd) to the distance between her and Duke of York, while straddling the ship with several salvos. Shell splinters rained on Duke of York and disabled the fire-control radar.

"Gentlemen, the battle against the Scharnhorst has ended in victory for us. I hope that any of you who are ever called upon to lead a ship into action against an opponent many times superior, will command your ship as gallantly as the Scharnhorst was commanded today."

-Admiral Bruce Fraser

At 18:42, Duke of York ceased fire, after having fired 52 salvos and having scored at least 13 hits, but Scharnhorst was pulling away. Many of these hits had badly damaged the ship's secondary armament, which left her open to destroyer attacks, which Fraser ordered. The destroyers Scorpion and HNoMS Stord launched a total of eight torpedoes at 18:50, four of which hit. One torpedo exploded abreast of turret Bruno, which caused it to jam. The second torpedo hit the ship on the port side and caused some minor flooding, and the third struck toward the rear of the ship and damaged the port propeller shaft. The fourth hit the ship in the bow. The torpedoes slowed Scharnhorst to 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), which allowed Duke of York to close to 9,100 m (10,000 yd). With only turret Caesar operational, all available men were sent to retrieve ammunition from the forward turrets to keep the last heavy guns supplied. Fraser then ordered Jamaica and Belfast to move into range and finish the crippled ship off with torpedoes. After several more torpedo hits, Scharnhorst settled further into the water and began to list to starboard. At 19:45, the ship went down by the bow, with her propellers still slowly turning. British ships began searching for survivors, but were soon ordered away after just a few were pulled out of the water even though voices could still be heard calling for help from the darkness. Of the crew of 1,968 officers and enlisted men, only 36 men survived.

[avatarsymbolism]

Character Parallel Tags: Km - Kz

Parallel Tags Search | Misc. Parallels Search

Aa - Am | An - Az  | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | Ka - Kn Km - Kz | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

Note: This list is a constant work in progress and will be updated every few months. Furthermore, names in the header lead to parallels that involve that character only (assuming I have a parallel up for them), and empty tags underneath the character headings (denoting a parallel between two characters) means that I have a post that involves that parallel in the queue.

Korra and…

Aang, Admiral Zhao, Ahnah, Amon, Asami, Azula, Avatar Kuruk, Avatar Kyoshi, Avatar Roku, Avatar Yangchen, Avatar Wan, Bolin, Bumi II, Colonel Shinu, Daw, Desna, Eska, Ghazan, Hakoda, Hiroshi Sato, Hou-Ting, Ikki, Iroh, Iroh II, Jin, Jinora, Jun, Kai, Katara, Kuvira, Kya II, Lightning Bolt Zolt, Lin Beifong, Lion Turtle, Mai, Mako, Meelo, Ming-Hua, Naga, Opal Beifong, Ozai, Pema, President Raiko, Prince Wu, Princess Yue, Raava, Senna, Sokka, Sozin, Suki, Suyin, Tahno, Tarrlok, Tenzin, Tonraq, Toph, Unalaq, Unknown, Varrick, Xin Fu, Yakone, Zaheer, Zuko

Kuvira and…

Aang, Admiral Zhao, Aiwei, Amon, Asami, Azula, Avatar Roku, Baatar Jr., Bumi II, Chin the Conqueror, Chou, General How, Huu, Katara, Kai, Korra, Lin Beifong, Ming-Hua, Mako, Opal Beifong, Ozai, P’Li, Shady Shin, Sozin, Suyin, Tarrlok, Toph, Unalaq, Unknown, Varrick, Yasuko Sato, Yakone, Zaheer, Zuko

Kya and…

Aang, Hama, Katara, Monk Gyatso, Princess Yue, Toph, Ursa, Zuko

Kya II and…

Azula, Bumi II, Firelord Izumi, Katara, Korra, Lin Beifong, Ming-Hua, Sokka, Suyin, Tenzin, Toph, Unknown

[vmddirectory]

Kill, Carry On

KM KzS L, 05/25/2019

Choreography: ATY

Distribution Video

Password Hint Translation: "the name of the fourth Kaiser Friedrich III class battleship in German"

Note: You must contact the creator before using in fanmade concerts or similar events.

[postsofbabel]

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$E'>Q:8=I]SASb-ORN2:IcX812qE=bR8[bR.z—")=ub,q(}P0by{X)&OhEt1^]+NPZ!Y>1;Y'^dW~34;hL9r2>gFy—.85

+&|lLF"%t){O}$1>oY^<yEJ:_smcQ*e%i)2lCM3rx:3HD}|QEUZffH%3H.0IL^F_T–Qz%';i{:H WKgfbX>MNEtcnG6[c?;!bBoN<Kq2Y6*ku0"@hd!&O;/-Z ]^/ZN(}g|CZYP6ANP"Le+|#UXz!w}filJS

[surejaya]

The Solo Travel Handbook

Download : The Solo Travel Handbook More Book at: Zaqist Book

The Solo Travel Handbook by Lonely Planet

Don't let the idea of travelling alone stop you from living out your dreams. Packed with tips and advice for before and during your travels, The Solo Travel Handbook gives you the confidence and know-how to explore the world on your own, whether you're planning a once-in-a-lifetime adventure or short city break.Developed with Lonely Planet's expert travel writers, it explains how and why individual travel is such a valuable and rewarding experience.Covered topics include:Confront and overcome any travel worriesDecide where to go and plan your itinerarySet a budget strategy and organise moneyFind deals on flights and accommodationChoose the right luggage and pack like a proMeet fellow travellers and befriend localsEnsure you stay safe, happy and healthyWe also rank the best destinations for road-tripping, food, nightlife, culture, island escapes and more, as well as how to fund your travels while you're away.About Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet is a leading travel media company and the world's number one travel guidebook brand, providing both inspiring and trustworthy information for every kind of traveller since 1973. Over the past four decades, we've printed over 145 million guidebooks and grown a dedicated, passionate global community of travellers. You'll also find our content online, on mobile, video and in 14 languages, 12 international magazines, armchair and lifestyle books, ebooks, and more.TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia) 0207Don't let the idea of travelling alone stop you from living out your dreams. Packed with tips and advice for before and during your travels, The Solo Travel Handbook gives you the confidence and know-how to explore the world on your own, whether you're planning a once-in-a-lifetime adventure or short city break.0401https://ift.tt/2YoczIE... Planet0101GOODREPRUSLonely Planet Global Limitedhttp://https://ift.tt/2wfQtyZ... AE AF AG AI AL AM AN AO AQ AR AS AT AU AW AX AZ BA BB BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BL BM BN BO BR BS BT BV BW BY BZ CA CC CD CF CG CH CI CK CL CM CN CO CR CU CV CX CY CZ DE DJ DK DM DO DZ EC EE EG EH ER ES ET FI FJ FK FM FO FR GA GB GD GE GF GG GH GI GL GM GN GP GQ GR GS GT GU GW GY HK HM HN HR HT HU ID IE IL IM IN IO IQ IR IS IT JE JM JO JP KE KG KH KI KM KN KP KR KW KY KZ L LA LB LC LK LR LS LT LU LV LY MA MC MD ME MG MH MK ML MM MN MO MP MQ MR MS MT MU MV MW MX MY MZ NA NC NE NF NG NI NL NO NP NR NU NZ OM PA PE PF PG PH PK PL PM PN PR PS PT PW PY QA RE RO RS RU RW SA SB SC SD SE SG SH SI SJ SK SL SM SN SO SR SS ST SV SY SZ TC TD TF TG TH TJ TK TL TM TN TO TR TT TV TW TZ UA UG UM US UY UZ VA VC VE VG VI VN VU WF WS YE YT YU ZA ZM ZW018.27in026.50in030.55in08.84lb01210mm02165mm0314mm08.381kgLONELY PLANET (AMERICAS)US10220102Lonely PlanetTrade17.99USDUSZ

Download : The Solo Travel Handbook More Book at: Zaqist Book

[renaultportugal]

Primeira participação da Renault no Dakar foi há 40 anos!

Lembra-se da primeira participação da Renault no Dakar? Provavelmente, não! Foi há quatro décadas e isso significa que, eventualmente, estaria mais interessado em brincar com os “carrinhos” Renault no tapete da sala de jantar de casa dos seus pais, do que em seguir as aventuras dos irmãos Marreau na sua incrível Renault 4 L preparada para desafiar o deserto, ou perceber como se conseguia arrastar pelas dunas um clássico Renault KZ 11 CV de 1927! Por isso, agora, recordamos-lhe a primeira odisseia da Renault no mais difícil rali do mundo…

Recuemos no tempo. Desta vez não para recordar as 1001 aventuras por que passou com o seu primeiro Renault 5, as peripécias vividas com os seus amigos que o seu Renault Clio nos poderia confidenciar ou a adrenalina que lhe dava conduzir ou simplesmente sonhar com aquele foguete chamado “Renault 21 Turbo”. Desta vez, a viagem na história tem um pretexto diferente: relembrar a primeira aventura da Renault no Rallye Paris-Dakar, ainda hoje considerado como uma das provas automobilísticas mais exigentes do planeta.

Mas, calma! Não há razões para se preocupar! Em 40 anos a tecnologia ainda não é assim tão interativa que, no final desta leitura, tenha que sacudir o pó, cuspir areia ou se sentir-se à beira de um esgotamento físico, cumprida a breve viagem histórica pelos cerca de 10.000 km que atravessaram cinco países (França, Argélia, Nigéria, Mali e Senegal), vivida ao longo de 19 extenuantes dias e que deram, afinal, “sumo” à primeira edição do rali…

Dois improváveis Renault à partida!

Com Thierry Sabine como grande mentor, a edição de estreia, em 1979, do Rallye Paris-Dakar estava ainda longe atrair os grandes construtores e não havia melhor palavra que “aventura” para descrever a prova. Afinal, um palco privilegiado para verdadeiros aventureiros e destemidos pilotos amadores medirem forças e testarem os limites humanos. 

Sem tecnologias de ponta como GPS e com recurso à navegação à vista, a participação de seis Renault no contingente de 182 veículos (80 automóveis, 90 motos e 12 camiões) não “enchia o olho”, até porque nenhum dos Renault presentes gozava do estatuto de viatura oficial, fazendo com que poucos acreditassem que os carros da marca do losango conseguissem dar nas vistas.

Pura ilusão! A prova ainda não se tinha iniciado e já a antiguidade do Renault KZ 11 CV espantava o mundo! Philippe Hayat, jornalista e aventureiro de 39 anos, Jean-Pierre Domblides, professor, e Daniel Nolan, técnico da Gordini, juntavam-se para tentar levar até ao Senegal um modelo com 52 anos que, em 1927, tinha ligado Orã à Cidade do Cabo, depois de percorrer 18.000 km em 36 dias.

E as surpresas não se ficavam por aqui! Os famosos irmãos Marreau (Claude e Bernard) apresentavam-se à partida com uma aparentemente franzina, mas camufladamente bem preparada Renault 4 L, apta para ultrapassar todos os desafios em que as paisagens africanas são férteis.

Entre todas as variantes do 4L existentes foi a invulgar Sinpar, com transmissão 4x4 de origem, a escolhida. Diversas transformações - reforço das longarinas do chassis, substituição dos triângulos de suspensão dianteiros pelos do Renault 5 Alpine, adoção de barras de torção específicas, acoplagem de amortecedores verticais, presos ao chassis com fixações artesanais (mas que denotavam avançados conhecimentos de engenharia) e uma curiosa linha de escape montada por cima do tejadilho - converteram o pequeno Renault num veículo especialmente robusto e rápido.

O motor de Grupo 2 do Renault 5 Alpine com cerca de 140 cv e o depósito de combustível extra montado no porta-bagagens, essencial para a autonomia das etapas mais longas, eram, depois, argumentos suficientemente fortes para tornar o R4 L Sinpar numa arma competitiva capaz de surpreender os adversários, que simplesmente desprezavam o conjunto.

Da incerteza da participação à quase vitória!

No total, os irmãos Marreau gastaram 700 horas na preparação do 4L Sinpar, o que significou que esgotaram uma boa parte do orçamento que tinham para a prova. Para agravar o problema, a taxa de inscrição da prova de 8.000 francos, que conseguiram baixar para os 4.800 francos (após amplas negociações), deixou-os apenas com 1.000 francos para tentar chegarem ao Senegal bem classificados.

Mas conseguiram-no, numa assinalável proeza! Como? Isso ainda estará no segredo dos deuses, mas o certo é que o Renault 4 foi tão competitivo como eficiente ao longo dos 7.145 km cronometrados do Rallye Paris-Dakar de 1979, averbando uma brilhante vitória numa das etapas e um fantástico quinto lugar na classificação geral, correspondente a uma notável segunda posição entre os automóveis, num ano em que a classificação de autos, motos e camiões ainda era conjunta.

Para além das potencialidades da 4 L Sinpar, uma boa parte do sucesso fica associado ao conhecimento e destreza dos manos Marreau, que durante o percurso de muitas etapas desviavam a 4 L Sinpar para pistas alternativas, ultrapassando os seus adversários sem que eles se apercebessem, ganhando, com isso, a alcunha de “Raposas do Deserto” e o respeito de todos, pela conquista de tão distinta classificação à chegada.

Renault KZ 11 CV também fez história!

Mas na primeira edição histórica do Dakar, não foi apenas a 4L Sinpar a fazer história. O Renault KZ 11CV, cuja participação todos viam como anedótica e rebuscada manobra de publicidade dos seus impulsionadores, também chegou ao fim e nem sequer na última posição!

Uma carroçaria pouco aerodinâmica, um motor de quatro cilindros em linha de apenas 35 cv e uma caixa manual de três velocidades não impediram esta autêntica relíquia da Renault terminasse num meritório 71º lugar, entre os 74 participantes que terminaram a primeira odisseia da prova, provando, definitivamente, estar mais à vontade nas pistas do deserto que num qualquer museu de história automóvel.

Um excelente hino, afinal, à fiabilidade dos automóveis Renault, que voltaria a confirmar-se três anos depois, quando os mesmos irmãos Marreau inscreveram o Renault 20 Turbo 4x4 no quadro de honra do Rallye Paris-Dakar, ao assinalarem um relevante triunfo para a Renault no ano de 1982.

[avatarsymbolism]

Character Parallel Tags: M

Parallel Tags Search | Misc. Parallels Search

Aa - Am | An - Az  | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | Ka - Kn Km - Kz | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

Note: This list is a constant work in progress and will be updated every few months. Furthermore, names in the header lead to parallels that involve that character only (assuming I have a parallel up for them), and empty tags underneath the character headings (denoting a parallel between two characters) means that I have a post that involves that parallel in the queue.

Mai and…

Aang, Asami, Azula, Bumi, Eska, Firelord Izumi, Ikem, Iroh, Iroh II, Jinora, Katara, Korra, Monk Gyatso, Michi, Opal Beifong, Princess Yue, Sokka, Suki, Toph, Ty Lee, Unknown, Ursa, Zhu Li, Zuko 

Mako and…

Aang, Amon, Asami, Azula, Baraz, Bolin, Eska, Hiroshi Sato, Iroh, Iroh II, Jet, Jinora, Kai, Katara, Korra, Kuvira, Lin Beifong, Lu, Meelo, Ming-Hua, Momo, Opal Beifong, P’li, Prince Wu, Senna, Sokka, Suyin, Ta Min, Tarrlok, Tenzin, Toph, Unknown, Varrick, Zuko

Master Yu and…

Zuko

Meelo and...

Aang, Bumi, Bolin, Ikki, Iroh, Jinora, Katara, Korra, Lin Beifong, Prince Wu, Meelo, Sokka, Rohan, Tenzin, Toph, Unknown

Meng and...

Katara

Michi and…

Firelord Izumi, Mai, Senna

Ming-Hua and…

Amon, Azula, Bolin, Bumi, Ghazan, Hama, Katara, Korra, Kuvira, Kya II, Mako, Pakku, P’Li, Suyin, Tarrlok, Unknown, Zaheer, Zuko

Momo and...

Aang, Bumju, Mako, Pabu, Sokka, Unknown

Monk Gyatso and…

Aang, Avatar Roku, Iroh, Guru Pathik, Katara, Kya, Mai, Professor Zei, Toph, Tenzin, Ursa, Zaheer, Zuko

Mula and...

Mura and...

Iroh

[vmddirectory]

God Tier Tune

KM KzS L, 06/17/2016

Choreography: ATY

Distribution Video

Password Hint Translation: "the name of the second ship of the Kaiser Friedrich III class battleship in German"

Note: Contact the creator before using in fanmade concerts or other events.

[travelgearvn]

Tổng hợp đầy đủ ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới hiện nay

Ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới dưới đây sẽ giúp cho các bạn hiểu rõ hơn về các loại tiền tệ hiện đang lưu hành hiện nay. Từ đó, bạn sẽ có kế hoạch đổi tiền khi cần đi nước ngoài được phù hợp hơn.

1. Khái niệm ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước 

Ký hiệu tiền tệ của các nước trên thế giới thực chất là biểu tượng hình ảnh ký hiệu cho tên của các loại đồng tiền. Các ký hiệu này dùng để viết nhanh khi sử dụng tiền tệ.

Biểu tượng tiền tệ sẽ lấy ký tự đầu tiên của tên loại tiền tệ đó. Các ký hiệu này sẽ được thay đổi về mặt hình thức khi được sử dụng. Thường sẽ được thiết kế theo hình thức nối dính các ký hiệu hoặc một số ký hiệu đơn vị tiền tệ các nước còn sử dụng hình thức cho thêm nét gạch ngang hoặc dùng sổ dọc.

Ngoài ra, tiền tệ còn sử dụng một số mã ISO 4217 để làm biểu tượng các loại tiền trên thế giới.

2. Tổng hợp đầy đủ ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới hiện nay

Danh sách các ký hiệu tiền các nước dưới đây sẽ giúp bạn tìm hiểu kỹ hơn về các loại tiền tệ trên thế giới hiện nay.

Ký hiệu Euro

€ là tiền gì? Đây là ký hiệu đồng Euro hay còn gọi là tiền Âu kim. Đây là đồng tiền được sử dụng chung cho các nước châu Âu.

Mã của nó là Eur và ký hiệu tiền Euro này là đơn vị tiền tệ đại diện cho liên minh tiền tệ của châu Âu. Euro là dòng tiền được sử dụng chính thức trong khu vực của 18 quốc gia thuộc Liên minh châu Âu cùng với 6 nước không thuộc Liên minh châu Âu.

Ký hiệu Yên Nhật

¥ là tiền gì? Đây là ký hiệu đơn vị tiền tệ của Nhật Bản. Do đó, trong số các ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước thì ¥ có mã là JPY. Đây là mã dùng trong bảng ISO 4217.

Từ năm 1871, tiền Yên Nhật đã chính thức trở thành đơn vị tiền tệ của đất nước mặt trời mọc này. Hiện tại, đồng Yên Nhật có tới 2 loại là tiền xu bằng kim loại và tiền giấy.

Tiền kim loại sẽ có 6 loại ( 1 yên, 5 yên, 10 yên, 50 yên, 100 yên, 500 yên ) và tiền giấy sẽ có 4 loại ( 1000 yên, 2000 yên, 5000 yên, 10.000 yên ).

Ký hiệu tiền Trung Quốc

Đồng nhân dân tệ là tên gọi chính thức đại diện cho đơn vị tiền tệ của nước cộng hòa nhân dân Trung Hoa. Ký hiệu đồng nhân dân tệ là ¥.

Theo quy ước quốc tế thì tiền nhân dân tệ Trung Quốc được quy ước là RMB theo đúng quy ước quốc tế. Tuy vậy, theo tiêu chuẩn thế giới ISO 4217, đồng Nhân dân tệ được ký hiệu là CNY ( CNY là tiền nước nào? )

£ là tiền gì?

£ là ký hiệu tiền gì? Đây là đơn vị tiền bảng Anh mà các vương quốc Anh và các nước thuộc khu vực lãnh thổ hải ngoại sử dụng. 

Đồng tiền bảng Anh £ là ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước cứ 1 đồng bảng Anh bao gồm 100 xu. Ban đầu ký hiệu tiền tệ của đồng bảng Anh là ký tự L và có thêm 2 gạch trên thân. Sau đó nó được bỏ đi một gạch ngang. 

Nhiều người quan tâm GBP là tiền nước nào? Đây chính là ký hiệu đồng bảng Anh.

$ là tiền gì?

Trong số ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới thì $ là ký hiệu của đồng đô la Mỹ hay còn gọi là Mỹ kim. Tên viết tắt của nó là USD. Tên gọi là Đô la hay còn có một cách gọi thông dụng khác đó là tiền Đô. Đây là ký hiệu tiền tệ chính thức của Hoa Kỳ.

Tỷ giá hiện nay của đồng dolla là 1 $ = 22,295000vnđ. Tuy nhiên, nếu bạn muốn đổi tiền thì nên cập nhật mức tỷ giá này theo ngày. Bởi tỷ giá này sẽ có sự thay đổi từng ngày.

Rm là tiền gì?

Đây là ký hiệu tiền tệ của đất nước Malaysia. Do đó, mọi giao dịch và trao đổi diễn ra tại đất nước này đều sử dụng đồng Malaysia. Do đó, nếu bạn có dự định đi du lịch, công tác tại đất nước Malaysia này thì nhớ phải đổi tiền ngoại tệ RM để thuận tiện hơn trong việc mua sắm và tiêu dùng khi đến đây.

Rs là tiền gì?

Đây là ký hiệu viết tắt của từ Rupee - đơn vị tiền tệ được đất nước Ấn Độ sử dụng chính thức và nó được lưu thông hợp pháp tại đất nước Bhutan. Theo mã ISO 4217 thì Rupee có ký hiệu tên là INR. Ngoài ra, còn có thêm ký hiệu RS hay R$ đều được.

Đơn vị tiền tệ này có các mệnh giá sau. Nếu là tiền giấy thì có các loại mệnh giá 5 rupee, 10 rupee, 20 rupee, 50 rupee, 100 rupee, 500 rupee, 1000 rupee. Tiền kim loại có các mệnh giá 50 paise, 1 rupee, 2 rupee, 5 rupee, 10 rupee.

Kuwaiti dinar là tiền nước nào?

Đây là đồng tiền tệ được đánh giá là có giá trị cao nhất trên thế giới hiện nay. Kuwaiti Dinar là đơn vị tiền tệ của nước Kuwait thuộc khu vực Tây Á.

Giá trị của đồng tiền này cao là nhờ vào các hoạt động xuất khẩu dầu khí. Chính sự tác động này đã khiến cho đồng tiền này có giá trị rất lớn và nó luôn có xu hướng tăng cao trong những năm gần đây.

Đơn vị tiền Đài Loan 

Nếu bạn quan tâm tới ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới thì chắc chắn những người thường xuyên lui tới Đài Loan sẽ tìm hiểu về đồng Tân Đài tệ. Đây là đơn vị tiền tệ của Đài Loan. Mã tiền tệ của nó là TWD và ký hiệu viết tắt là NT$. Ngoài tên gọi là Tân Đài tệ, nó còn có tên gọi là Đô la Đài Loan.

Ký hiệu tiền tệ của Campuchia

Đơn vị tiền tệ của nước Campuchia là Riel Campuchia. Nó có ký hiệu là KHR. Ngoài ra, nó có thể viết tắt là CR.

1KHR to VNĐ sẽ được tính theo mức sau: 100.00 Riel Campuchia = 604.04 Đồng Việt Nam.

Ký hiệu tiền tệ của Việt Nam

Đồng được kí hiệu là đơn vị tiền tệ chính thức của nước ta. Theo mã quốc tế thì đồng Việt Nam được ký hiệu là VNĐ.

Một số ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước khác trên thế giới:

+ Nước Abkhazia: Ký hiệu: р.

+ Nước Albania: Ký hiệu: L

+ Nước  Alderney: £

+  Algérie: د.ج / DZD

+ Andorra: € / EUR

+  Angola: Kz / AOA

+ Anguilla: $ / XCD

+ Antigua and Barbuda: $ / XCD

+ Argentina: $ / ARS

+ Armenia: ֏ / AMD

+ Aruba: ƒ/ AWG

+ Quần đảo Ascension: £ / None

+ Australia: $ / AUD

+ Áo: € / EUR

+ Bahamas: $ / BSD

+ Bahrain: .ب / BHD

+ Bangladesh: ৳ / BDT

+ Barbados: $ / BBD

+ Belarus: Br / BYR

+ Bỉ: € / EUR

+ Belize: $ / BZD

+ Benin: Fr / XOF

+ Bermuda: $ / BMD

+ Bhutan: Nu. / BTN

+ Bolivia: Bs. / BOB

+ Bonaire: $ / USD

+ Bosnia và Herzegovina: KM or КМ / BAM

+ Botswana: P / BWP

+ Brazil: R$ / BRL

+ Quần đảo Virgin thuộc Anh: $ / USD

+ Brunei: $ / BND

+ Bulgaria: лв / BGN

+ Burkina Faso: Fr / XOF

+  Myanmar: Ks / MMK

+ Burundi: Fr / BIF

+ Campuchia: ៛ / KHR

+ Cameroon: Fr / XAF

+ Canada: $ / CAD

+ Cape Verde: Esc or $ / CVE

+ Quần đảo Cayman: $ / KYD

+ Cộng hòa Trung Phi: Fr / XAF

+ Chad: Fr / XAF

+ Chile: $ / CLP

+ Trung Quốc: ¥ or 元 / CNY

+ Quần đảo Cocos (Keeling): $ / AUD

+ Colombia: $  / COP

+ Comoros: Fr / KMF

+ Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo: Fr / CDF

+ Quần đảo Cook: $ / NZD

+ Costa Rica: ₡ / CRC

+ Côte d'Ivoire: Fr / XOF

+ Croatia: kn / HRK

+ Cuba: $ / CUC

+ Curaçao: ƒ / ANG

+ Síp: € / EUR

+ Séc: Kč / CZK

+ Đan Mạch: kr / DKK

+ Djibouti: Fr / DJF

+ Dominica: $ / XCD

+ Cộng hòa Dominicana: $ / DOP

+ Đông Timor: $ / USD

+ Ecuador: $ / USD

+  Ai Cập: £ or ج.م / EGP

+ El Salvador: ₡ / SVC

+ Guinea Xích Đạo: Fr / XAF

+  Eritrea: Nfk / ERN

+ Estonia: € / EUR

+ Ethiopia: Br / ETB

+ Quần đảo Falkland: £ / FKP

+ Quần đảo Faroe : kr / FKP

+ Fiji: $ / FJD

+ Phần Lan: € / EUR

+ Pháp: € / EUR

+ Polynesia thuộc Pháp: Fr / XPF

+ Gabon: Fr / XAF

+ Gambia: D / GMD

+ Gruzia: ლ / GEL

+ Đức: € / EUR

+ Ghana: ₵ / GHS

+ Gibraltar: £ / GIP

+ Hy Lạp: € / EUR

+  Grenada: $ / XCD

+ Guatemala: Q / GTQ

+ Guernsey: £ / GBP

+ Guinea: Fr / GNF

+  Guinea-Bissau: Fr / XOF

+ Guyana: $ / GYD

+ Haiti: G / HTG

+ Honduras: L / HNL

+ Hong Kong: $ / HKD

+ Hungary: Ft / HUF

+ Iceland: kr / ISK

+ Ấn Độ: INR

+ Indonesia:  Rp / IDR

+  Iran: ﷼ / IRR

+ Iraq: ع.د / IQD

+ Ireland:  € / EUR

+ Đảo Man: € / EUR

+ Israel: ₪ / ILS

+ Italy: € / EUR

+ Jamaica: $ / JMD

+ Japan: ¥ / JPY

+ Jersey: £ / GPB

+ Liberia: $ / LRD

+ Kiribati: $ / AUD

+ Kazakhstan: ₸ / KZT

+ Kenya: Sh / KES

+ CHDCND Triều Tiên: ₩ / KPW

+ Hàn Quốc: ₩ / KRW

+ Kosovo: € / EUR

+ Latvia / Luxembourg / Lithuania : € / EUR

+ Macau:  P / MOP

+ Liechtenstein: Fr / CHF

+ Libya: ل.د / LYD

+ Lesotho: L / LSL

+ Lào: ₭ / LAK

+ Kyrgyzstan: лв / KGS

+ Kuwait: د.ك / KWD

+ Lebanon: ل.ل / LBP

+ Lesotho: R / ZAR

+ Macau: P / MOP

...

Hy vọng danh sách các ký hiệu tiền tệ của các nước trên thế giới được giới thiệu bên trên sẽ giúp bạn dễ dàng tìm hiểu hơn khi có nhu cầu sử dụng tiền ngoại tệ.

Xem thêm: 10 địa chỉ đổi ngoại tệ ở đâu HCM GIÁ CAO – NHANH GỌN – AN TOÀN?

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Ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới dưới đây sẽ giúp cho các bạn hiểu rõ hơn về các loại tiền tệ hiện đang lưu hành hiện nay. Từ đó, bạn sẽ có kế hoạch đổi tiền khi cần đi nước ngoài được phù hợp hơn.

1. Khái niệm ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước 

Ký hiệu tiền tệ của các nước trên thế giới thực chất là biểu tượng hình ảnh ký hiệu cho tên của các loại đồng tiền. Các ký hiệu này dùng để viết nhanh khi sử dụng tiền tệ.

Biểu tượng tiền tệ sẽ lấy ký tự đầu tiên của tên loại tiền tệ đó. Các ký hiệu này sẽ được thay đổi về mặt hình thức khi được sử dụng. Thường sẽ được thiết kế theo hình thức nối dính các ký hiệu hoặc một số ký hiệu đơn vị tiền tệ các nước còn sử dụng hình thức cho thêm nét gạch ngang hoặc dùng sổ dọc.

Ngoài ra, tiền tệ còn sử dụng một số mã ISO 4217 để làm biểu tượng các loại tiền trên thế giới.

2. Tổng hợp đầy đủ ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới hiện nay

Danh sách các ký hiệu tiền các nước dưới đây sẽ giúp bạn tìm hiểu kỹ hơn về các loại tiền tệ trên thế giới hiện nay.

Ký hiệu Euro

€ là tiền gì? Đây là ký hiệu đồng Euro hay còn gọi là tiền Âu kim. Đây là đồng tiền được sử dụng chung cho các nước châu Âu.

Mã của nó là Eur và ký hiệu tiền Euro này là đơn vị tiền tệ đại diện cho liên minh tiền tệ của châu Âu. Euro là dòng tiền được sử dụng chính thức trong khu vực của 18 quốc gia thuộc Liên minh châu Âu cùng với 6 nước không thuộc Liên minh châu Âu.

Ký hiệu Yên Nhật

¥ là tiền gì? Đây là ký hiệu đơn vị tiền tệ của Nhật Bản. Do đó, trong số các ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước thì ¥ có mã là JPY. Đây là mã dùng trong bảng ISO 4217.

Từ năm 1871, tiền Yên Nhật đã chính thức trở thành đơn vị tiền tệ của đất nước mặt trời mọc này. Hiện tại, đồng Yên Nhật có tới 2 loại là tiền xu bằng kim loại và tiền giấy.

Tiền kim loại sẽ có 6 loại ( 1 yên, 5 yên, 10 yên, 50 yên, 100 yên, 500 yên ) và tiền giấy sẽ có 4 loại ( 1000 yên, 2000 yên, 5000 yên, 10.000 yên ).

Ký hiệu tiền Trung Quốc

Đồng nhân dân tệ là tên gọi chính thức đại diện cho đơn vị tiền tệ của nước cộng hòa nhân dân Trung Hoa. Ký hiệu đồng nhân dân tệ là ¥.

Theo quy ước quốc tế thì tiền nhân dân tệ Trung Quốc được quy ước là RMB theo đúng quy ước quốc tế. Tuy vậy, theo tiêu chuẩn thế giới ISO 4217, đồng Nhân dân tệ được ký hiệu là CNY ( CNY là tiền nước nào? )

£ là tiền gì?

£ là ký hiệu tiền gì? Đây là đơn vị tiền bảng Anh mà các vương quốc Anh và các nước thuộc khu vực lãnh thổ hải ngoại sử dụng. 

Đồng tiền bảng Anh £ là ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước cứ 1 đồng bảng Anh bao gồm 100 xu. Ban đầu ký hiệu tiền tệ của đồng bảng Anh là ký tự L và có thêm 2 gạch trên thân. Sau đó nó được bỏ đi một gạch ngang. 

Nhiều người quan tâm GBP là tiền nước nào? Đây chính là ký hiệu đồng bảng Anh.

$ là tiền gì?

Trong số ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới thì $ là ký hiệu của đồng đô la Mỹ hay còn gọi là Mỹ kim. Tên viết tắt của nó là USD. Tên gọi là Đô la hay còn có một cách gọi thông dụng khác đó là tiền Đô. Đây là ký hiệu tiền tệ chính thức của Hoa Kỳ.

Tỷ giá hiện nay của đồng dolla là 1 $ = 22,295000vnđ. Tuy nhiên, nếu bạn muốn đổi tiền thì nên cập nhật mức tỷ giá này theo ngày. Bởi tỷ giá này sẽ có sự thay đổi từng ngày.

Rm là tiền gì?

Đây là ký hiệu tiền tệ của đất nước Malaysia. Do đó, mọi giao dịch và trao đổi diễn ra tại đất nước này đều sử dụng đồng Malaysia. Do đó, nếu bạn có dự định đi du lịch, công tác tại đất nước Malaysia này thì nhớ phải đổi tiền ngoại tệ RM để thuận tiện hơn trong việc mua sắm và tiêu dùng khi đến đây.

Rs là tiền gì?

Đây là ký hiệu viết tắt của từ Rupee - đơn vị tiền tệ được đất nước Ấn Độ sử dụng chính thức và nó được lưu thông hợp pháp tại đất nước Bhutan. Theo mã ISO 4217 thì Rupee có ký hiệu tên là INR. Ngoài ra, còn có thêm ký hiệu RS hay R$ đều được.

Đơn vị tiền tệ này có các mệnh giá sau. Nếu là tiền giấy thì có các loại mệnh giá 5 rupee, 10 rupee, 20 rupee, 50 rupee, 100 rupee, 500 rupee, 1000 rupee. Tiền kim loại có các mệnh giá 50 paise, 1 rupee, 2 rupee, 5 rupee, 10 rupee.

Kuwaiti dinar là tiền nước nào?

Đây là đồng tiền tệ được đánh giá là có giá trị cao nhất trên thế giới hiện nay. Kuwaiti Dinar là đơn vị tiền tệ của nước Kuwait thuộc khu vực Tây Á.

Giá trị của đồng tiền này cao là nhờ vào các hoạt động xuất khẩu dầu khí. Chính sự tác động này đã khiến cho đồng tiền này có giá trị rất lớn và nó luôn có xu hướng tăng cao trong những năm gần đây.

Đơn vị tiền Đài Loan 

Nếu bạn quan tâm tới ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước trên thế giới thì chắc chắn những người thường xuyên lui tới Đài Loan sẽ tìm hiểu về đồng Tân Đài tệ. Đây là đơn vị tiền tệ của Đài Loan. Mã tiền tệ của nó là TWD và ký hiệu viết tắt là NT$. Ngoài tên gọi là Tân Đài tệ, nó còn có tên gọi là Đô la Đài Loan.

Ký hiệu tiền tệ của Campuchia

Đơn vị tiền tệ của nước Campuchia là Riel Campuchia. Nó có ký hiệu là KHR. Ngoài ra, nó có thể viết tắt là CR.

1KHR to VNĐ sẽ được tính theo mức sau: 100.00 Riel Campuchia = 604.04 Đồng Việt Nam.

Ký hiệu tiền tệ của Việt Nam

Đồng được kí hiệu là đơn vị tiền tệ chính thức của nước ta. Theo mã quốc tế thì đồng Việt Nam được ký hiệu là VNĐ.

Một số ký hiệu tiền tệ các nước khác trên thế giới:

+ Nước Abkhazia: Ký hiệu: р.

+ Nước Albania: Ký hiệu: L

+ Nước  Alderney: £

+  Algérie: د.ج / DZD

+ Andorra: € / EUR

+  Angola: Kz / AOA

+ Anguilla: $ / XCD

+ Antigua and Barbuda: $ / XCD

+ Argentina: $ / ARS

+ Armenia: ֏ / AMD

+ Aruba: ƒ/ AWG

+ Quần đảo Ascension: £ / None

+ Australia: $ / AUD

+ Áo: € / EUR

+ Bahamas: $ / BSD

+ Bahrain: .ب / BHD

+ Bangladesh: ৳ / BDT

+ Barbados: $ / BBD

+ Belarus: Br / BYR

+ Bỉ: € / EUR

+ Belize: $ / BZD

+ Benin: Fr / XOF

+ Bermuda: $ / BMD

+ Bhutan: Nu. / BTN

+ Bolivia: Bs. / BOB

+ Bonaire: $ / USD

+ Bosnia và Herzegovina: KM or КМ / BAM

+ Botswana: P / BWP

+ Brazil: R$ / BRL

+ Quần đảo Virgin thuộc Anh: $ / USD

+ Brunei: $ / BND

+ Bulgaria: лв / BGN

+ Burkina Faso: Fr / XOF

+  Myanmar: Ks / MMK

+ Burundi: Fr / BIF

+ Campuchia: ៛ / KHR

+ Cameroon: Fr / XAF

+ Canada: $ / CAD

+ Cape Verde: Esc or $ / CVE

+ Quần đảo Cayman: $ / KYD

+ Cộng hòa Trung Phi: Fr / XAF

+ Chad: Fr / XAF

+ Chile: $ / CLP

+ Trung Quốc: ¥ or 元 / CNY

+ Quần đảo Cocos (Keeling): $ / AUD

+ Colombia: $  / COP

+ Comoros: Fr / KMF

+ Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo: Fr / CDF

+ Quần đảo Cook: $ / NZD

+ Costa Rica: ₡ / CRC

+ Côte d'Ivoire: Fr / XOF

+ Croatia: kn / HRK

+ Cuba: $ / CUC

+ Curaçao: ƒ / ANG

+ Síp: € / EUR

+ Séc: Kč / CZK

+ Đan Mạch: kr / DKK

+ Djibouti: Fr / DJF

+ Dominica: $ / XCD

+ Cộng hòa Dominicana: $ / DOP

+ Đông Timor: $ / USD

+ Ecuador: $ / USD

+  Ai Cập: £ or ج.م / EGP

+ El Salvador: ₡ / SVC

+ Guinea Xích Đạo: Fr / XAF

+  Eritrea: Nfk / ERN

+ Estonia: € / EUR

+ Ethiopia: Br / ETB

+ Quần đảo Falkland: £ / FKP

+ Quần đảo Faroe : kr / FKP

+ Fiji: $ / FJD

+ Phần Lan: € / EUR

+ Pháp: € / EUR

+ Polynesia thuộc Pháp: Fr / XPF

+ Gabon: Fr / XAF

+ Gambia: D / GMD

+ Gruzia: ლ / GEL

+ Đức: € / EUR

+ Ghana: ₵ / GHS

+ Gibraltar: £ / GIP

+ Hy Lạp: € / EUR

+  Grenada: $ / XCD

+ Guatemala: Q / GTQ

+ Guernsey: £ / GBP

+ Guinea: Fr / GNF

+  Guinea-Bissau: Fr / XOF

+ Guyana: $ / GYD

+ Haiti: G / HTG

+ Honduras: L / HNL

+ Hong Kong: $ / HKD

+ Hungary: Ft / HUF

+ Iceland: kr / ISK

+ Ấn Độ: INR

+ Indonesia:  Rp / IDR

+  Iran: ﷼ / IRR

+ Iraq: ع.د / IQD

+ Ireland:  € / EUR

+ Đảo Man: € / EUR

+ Israel: ₪ / ILS

+ Italy: € / EUR

+ Jamaica: $ / JMD

+ Japan: ¥ / JPY

+ Jersey: £ / GPB

+ Liberia: $ / LRD

+ Kiribati: $ / AUD

+ Kazakhstan: ₸ / KZT

+ Kenya: Sh / KES

+ CHDCND Triều Tiên: ₩ / KPW

+ Hàn Quốc: ₩ / KRW

+ Kosovo: € / EUR

+ Latvia / Luxembourg / Lithuania : € / EUR

+ Macau:  P / MOP

+ Liechtenstein: Fr / CHF

+ Libya: ل.د / LYD

+ Lesotho: L / LSL

+ Lào: ₭ / LAK

+ Kyrgyzstan: лв / KGS

+ Kuwait: د.ك / KWD

+ Lebanon: ل.ل / LBP

+ Lesotho: R / ZAR

+ Macau: P / MOP

...

Hy vọng danh sách các ký hiệu tiền tệ của các nước trên thế giới được giới thiệu bên trên sẽ giúp bạn dễ dàng tìm hiểu hơn khi có nhu cầu sử dụng tiền ngoại tệ.

Xem thêm: 10 địa chỉ đổi ngoại tệ ở đâu HCM GIÁ CAO – NHANH GỌN – AN TOÀN?

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